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Territorial changes of Russia in the course of over five centuries happened by means of military conquest and by ideological and political unions. Ivan III (reigned 1462-1505) and IV (reigned 1547-1584) expanded Muscovy's (1283–1547) borders considerably by annexing the Novgorod Republic (1478) and settled the annexed territories with Muscovite/Russian servitors and peasants from the Kliazma-Suzdal region. After a period of political instability the Romanovs came to power (1613) and the expansion-colonization process of the Tsardom continued. While western Europe colonized the new world, the Tsardom of Russia expanded overland - principally to the east, north and south. This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire reached from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time included colonies in the Americas (1732-1867) and a short-lived unofficial colony in Africa (1889) in present-day Djibouti. The Russian colonial empire, governed from St. Petersburg/Moscow and settled by Russians, continued to grow under Soviet rule. Areas that were formerly part of the Russian Empire, and some others that the Red Army captured from the Nazis in 1944-1945 during World War II became part of the autonomous republics within the USSR. == Tsarist era == Before the year 1500 most of the land that is now part of Russia was occupied by non-Russian indigenous people. Many non-Slavic peoples founded own state before Kievan Rus, for example, Sarir state of the Caucasian Avars (5th – 12th centuries), Tsahur Khanate (7th – 16th centuries), Zirikhgeran state of the Dargin and Kubachi peoples (6th – 15th centuries), Gazikumukh Shamkhalate of the Lak people (734–1642), Kaitag state of the Dargin people (6th century – 1813) etc. Russians consider that Russia is not colonial power〔( Освоение новых земель сибири, переселенцы )〕〔(Proof that Russians are Natives of Siberia and North Asia )〕 and many nations (except Volga, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars, and some Caucasian peoples etc.) peacefully joined Russia. Andrei Sakharov, director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences said "Differing views should not be confused with falsification of history".〔(Andrei Sakharov, "Differing views should not be confused with falsification of history" )〕 But indigenous peoples deny this view.〔Kalpana Sahn "Crucifying the Orient – Russian Orientalism and the Colonization of Caucasus and Central Asia", 1997〕〔(150 Years Ago, Sochi Was the Site of a Horrific Ethnic Cleansing )〕〔Anna M. Kerttula "Antler on the Sea: The Yup'ik and Chukchi of the Russian Far East" 2000〕〔(Jan-Pieter Verheul "Chukchi" )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Territorial changes of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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